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1-3 of 3 matches of 32810 nodes total |
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Match 1 |
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| ID a & Name b |
28= NORTHAUSTRALIA geozone |
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Attributes |
| Zone f |
pdf |
| Page g |
198 |
| LSName h |
NORTHAUSTRALIA |
| LSType i |
zone |
| Grouping j |
geo |
| IsNotional k |
no |
| Notes l |
covers the "North-Australia" reference area (within the "Australian" hypothesis); comprising 21 sets of languages (85 outer languages) spoken or formerly spoken by hunter-gatherer communities (or descendants of former hunter-gatherers) across the far-north of Australia: 28-A BAADI+ YAWURU 28-B BUNABA+ GUNIANDI 28-C WORORA+ NGARINYIN 28-D KITJA+ MIRIWUNG 28-E DJAMINDJUNG+ NUNGALI 28-F MURRINHPATHA+ NANGIOMERI* 28-G KUNGARAKANY 28-H LARAGIA+ WULNA 28-I TIWI 28-J UMBUGARLA+ BUGUNIDJA* 28-K GAGADU 28-L ERRE+ MANGERR 28-M IWAIDJA+ AMARAG 28-N DJEEBBANA+ GUJINGALIA 28-O WAGEMAN+ GUNWINGGU 28-P ANINDILYAKWA 28-Q ALAWA+ GARYIMAR 28-R YANYUWA 28-S JINGILI+ WAMBAYA 28-T GARAWA+ WANJI 28-U MINGIN Only 14 among 298 surviving outer-languages in zones 28= and 29= (marked ✓) are likely to have totalled 1,000 or more voices each in 1999: see note under geozone 29=. |
| Scale o |
3 |
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Statistics |
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21 Sets • 38 Chains • 58 Nets • 85 OuterLanguages • 119 InnerLanguages |
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Relatives
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ISO-639 A 1
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ISO-639-5-Collective-aus Australian
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GeoEntity C 1
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Australia
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Match 2 |
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| ID a & Name b |
29= TRANSAUSTRALIA geozone |
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Attributes |
| Zone f |
pdf |
| Page g |
205 |
| LSName h |
TRANSAUSTRALIA |
| LSType i |
zone |
| Grouping j |
geo |
| IsNotional k |
no |
| Notes l |
covers the "Transaustralia" reference area, composed of the "Pama-Nyungan" hypothesis (sets 29-A to 29-X, within the wider "Australian" hypothesis) plus the "Tasmanian" notional set of extinct languages (29-Y); together comprising a total of 25 sets of languages (213 outer languages) spoken or formerly spoken by small hunter-gatherer communities, originally occupying the whole of Australia and Tasmania (except the far-north, covered by geozone 28=): 29-A DJAMBARR+ DJINANG 29-B WARLPIRI+ PITJANTJA 29-C ARABANA+ YARLI 29-D MURUWARI 29-E BAAGANDJI+ MARAWARA* 29-F NGARINYERI+ YITHAYITHA 29-G WUURONG+ KOLAKNGAT 29-H NULIT+ THANG 29-I DHUDOROA 29-J PALLANGAN-MIDDANG 29-K YOTA+ YABULA 29-L WIRADHURI+ GAMILA 29-M THAWA+ WORIMI 29-N GUMBAYNGGIR+ YAYGIR 29-O BANDJALANG+ YUGUM 29-P YAGARA+GOWAR 29-Q WAGA+ GABI 29-R MARGANY+ MUNGKAN 29-S GALIBAMU 29-T LARDIL+ JAKULA 29-U KALKUTUNG+ YALARNNGA 29-V WAGAYA+ WARLUWARA 29-W WARUMUNGU 29-X ARANDA+ GAIDIDJ 29-Y MARRAWAH+ KAOOTA* The scantily documented languages of Tasmania (29-Y) were effectively extinct before 1900, and this set is therefore excluded from totals of languages spoken during the 20th cent. the Australian mainland languages covered by phylozone 29= (sets 29-A to 29-X) account for approximately one third of all outer languages which have become extinct throughout the world during the 20th century. This destruction of indigenous speech-communities has resulted from the occupation and ethnic-clearance of their traditional space, primarily by sea-borne speakers of [52=] English. Traditional speech communities in Australia were always small, and only 14 among 298 surviving outer-languages in zones 28= and 29= (marked ✓ in column 2) are likely to have totalled 1,000 or more voices each in the year 1999. The intensified study, development and teaching of those languages would appear to be an educational, scientific and cultural priority in the 21st century. Most surviving speech-communities of this zone are bilingual, with primary fluency – especially among younger speakers - in [52=] Australian creole and/or English. |
| Scale o |
4 |
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Statistics |
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25 Sets • 56 Chains • 113 Nets • 218 OuterLanguages • 547 InnerLanguages • 29 Dialects |
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Relatives
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ISO-639 A 1
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ISO-639-5-Collective-aus Australian
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GeoEntity C 1
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Australia
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Match 3 |
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| ID a & Name b |
2= AUSTRALASIA geosector |
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Attributes |
| Page g |
123 |
| LSName h |
AUSTRALASIA |
| LSType i |
sector |
| Grouping j |
geo |
| IsNotional k |
no |
| Notes l |
This geosector covers 223 sets of languages (1167 outer languages, composed of 2258 inner languages) spoken or formerly spoken by communities in Australasia in a geographic sequence from Maluku and the Lesser Sunda islands through New Guinea and its adjacent islands, and throughout the Australian mainland to Tasmania. They comprise all languages ofAustralasia (Oceania) not covered by phylosectors 3=Austronesian or 5=Indo-European.Zones 20= to 24= cover all so-called "Papuan" languages, spoken on Maluku and the Lesser Sunda islands and the NewGuinea mainland, which have been previously treated within the "Trans-New Guinea" hypothesis: 20= ARAFURA geozone 21= MAMBERAMO geozone 22= MANDANGIC phylozone 23= OWALAMIC phylozone 24= TRANSIRIANIC phylozoneZones 25= to 27= cover all other so-called "Papuan" languages, on the New Guinea mainland, Bismarck archipelago, NewBritain, New Ireland and Solomon islands, which have not been treated within the "Trans-New Guinea" hypothesis: 25= CENDRAWASIH geozone 26= SEPIK-VALLEY geozone 27= BISMARCK-SEA geozoneZones 28= to 29= cover all languages spoken traditionally across the Australian mainland, on the offshore Elcho, Howard,Crocodile and Torres Strait islands (excluding Darnley island), and formerly on the island of Tasmania. An "Australian" hypothesis covers all these languages, excluding the extinct and little known languages of Tasmania, comprising (1.) an areaof more diffuse and complex relationships in the extreme north, covered here by geozone 28=, and (2.) a more closelyrelated affinity (Pama+ Nyungan) throughout the rest of Australia, covered by 24 of the 25 sets of phylozone 29=. Therelationships within the "Australian" and component "Pama+ Nyungan" hypotheses may be due as much to diffusion overtens of thousands of years as to inheritance from common prehistorical sources: 28= NORTH-AUSTRALIA geozone 29= TRANSAUSTRALIA geozone |
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Statistics |
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10 Zones • 223 Sets • 477 Chains • 789 Nets • 1168 OuterLanguages • 2238 InnerLanguages • 108 Dialects • 15 ISO-639-Relatives |
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1-3 of 3 matches of 32810 nodes total |