| Notes l |
mame-loshn (=«mother-tongue»), yidish, jidisch, jiddisch, yidiš, jidich, jüdisch-deutsch, "hebraicised german", "judeo-german", "ashkenazi german" plurilingual < diverse languages transition < [52=] Deutsch-C./Central German & Deutsch-S./Upper German; developed and used by the Jewish diaspora in Europe from a German base on the Middle Rhine from around 9th cent., substantially influence < [12=] Ivrit (Hebrew) and Aramaic, and subsequently by [53=] Slavic. ¶ The majority of speakers in continental Europe were dispersed or massacred in the decade up to 1945, with a reduction in total number of speakers from approx.12 million in the 1920's, principally in Europe, to approx. 4-5 million in the 1990's, principally in the Americas (esp.USA and Latin America) and Asia (esp.former Soviet Union and Israel). 𝒮 from 11th cent.: Hebrew script |